Native American Influence on the North American Landscape - Free Essay Example

The North America we know today is not the same North America that the Native Americans, pre-European contact, knew. The plants were their own separate species, only being linked through miniscule amounts of DNA, and the animals were astoundingly detached from their Eurasian ancestors. However, once the Europeans made first contact with this New World of sorts, from the people to the vegetation, major things began to take shape like the world had never seen before. Even though the continents were separated for millions of years and had their own species of plants and animals, today, they are almost identical (312). What the author, Charles Mann, is most likely trying to convey here in this article is that for millennia, the Native Americans had great influence over this land like no other civilization. They managed the land, they managed the populations of the animals that were near them, and they masterfully managed their crops with little or no fault. This period of equilibrium between nature and humans came to an end when a wave of Old-World diseases hit the Native Americans. It wiped them out better than the Europeans ever could have with guns or war. Not to mention, the stress put on the environment with all the new wildlife and vegetation brought here both knowingly and unknowingly. The plant and animal species that had been harmless in Eurasia for millennia, when brought to the Americas, latched onto the environment and ran an ecological coup dà ©tat of the native species and dethroned them as being the central species in many ecosystems around the region (313-314). These species create d all sorts of problems for the ecosystems in the Americas such as being without the constraints of natural predators, the environments super-charged them over here as opposed to them being a mild species across the pond, which led to many species becoming out of hand and being on the verge of an ecological meltdown in some places (313). The Native Americans knew very well how to take care of the physical landscape especially regarding the forests. They knew how to manage the forest through clear-cuts, regular burnings, and replanting the forests that they harvested from. Many of these practices are just now, within the past 50 to 100 years, starting to be taken seriously in the modern Americas. They were masters at coexisting with the land and even subtle in the way they managed what they had (314). It has been widely known for many years that the Native Americans were masters at land management, but I had no idea of the extent of their knowledge. Mostly going off small documentaries and movies, my familiarity with the subject was limited, but this article really opened my eyes to how great they were. All great things, however, have their flaws. Although the Native Americans were very well adapted to their environments, they still made selfish and some would say harmful decisions to the environment alongside their good ones. According to the article The Artificial Wilderness by Charles Mann, Native Americans, to avoid having their crops flattened by different species, would hunt these species around their homesteads to very little numbers (321). Today, we see this act as harmful to the environment but for them, it was a matter of life and death. Protecting their crops from being destroyed meant that they could live and feed themselves and their communities. If they did not do this, they may not have died, but life would have gone from good to on the verge of collapse. Seeing as how to many Native strongholds, agriculture was the main way to get food and hunting and gathering likely came second to that. This is easy to see because if you consider the masses of people that needed to be fed, hunting and gathering alone would not have gotten the job done. So, in these times, they needed to turn to a more reliable form of food production for large populations. The Native Americans, though they hunted species to low numbers around their homesteads, they tried to move these animals to another place so that the animals would repopulate somewhere else and not bother them (321). They control the population in their favor, much like the modern hunter does today with the populations of deer, turkey, and hogs along other species to make sure that they do not disrupt the natural balance of the forests. Another example of the Native Americans controlling the population of animals is that they hunted species ardently to decrease the struggle for nuts and berries and other staple foods that they needed for sustenance (317). They were masters of land management and wildlife management and we could stand to stop and learn their techniques and try to apply them to the land and wildlife today. The environment relied on the Native Americans a great deal. The Native Americans managed the land they lived on through cultivation and forest management and also managed much of the wildlife pertaining to the immediate area and the area surrounding their settlements (314, 317, 321). With their removal from the land through disease and conquest, the environment went into shock and started changing very quickly with very little to stop it. The arrival of the Europeans, and their many diseases, brought an issue that the Americas had not seen in millennia, the overpopulation of certain species such as the bison and elk. The Indians did a fantastic job of keeping these species at bay, but with their disappearance came a load of hardships and troubles for the new inhabitants (321). The Europeans had no idea how to correctly and efficiently hunt animals and keep the populations low and manageable, but instead let the populations get extremely out of control and in many cases, hunted the s pecies to extinction (317). The Native Americans were a crucial part to the ecological balance of the Americas with the way they controlled and oversaw the land and animals that inhabited the area. Although they made mistakes throughout their reign in this hemisphere, for the most part, they handled themselves exceptionally. When the Europeans came over, they disrupted that harmony and sent the ecosystems into a spiral that left the Native Americans pre-existing hold on the land almost seem non-existent. Through the article, the overarching message that seems to be stated is that humans need to be careful of the abundance that Mother Nature gives us because if we are not careful, we can waste the gift and lose it forever. We need to hunt and consume sparingly, otherwise we will deplete nature of all its generosities.

How is Literature Useful in the 21st Century - 1254 Words

How is Literature Useful in the 21st Century? The utility of literature in any century, let alone the 21st Century, is difficult to define. One can certainly make a compelling argument that there are hordes of young people that escape high school and college without actually reading literature. Sure, students are frequently exposed to literature, but do they actually engage critically with it? Do they even know how to read it? Do they understand it? Answers to these questions, as well as others, ultimately impact how one answers the initial question: how is literature useful in the 21st Century? The brief point to be made here is that literature is only useful so far as its understood and appreciated. Assuming one satisfies both criteria then there is no telling how important literature can be in ones life. The plain fact is, and as Italo Calvino noted, Every reading of a classic is in fact a rereading and A classic is a book that has never finished saying what it has to say. In other words, literature has resonance throughout ones life. Themes in literature are timeless and universal, relevant to any generation in any decade. As a result, literature can inform, instruct, inspire, console, etc. To explicate this idea, to make it less abstract, one should consider how relevant the following literary works are in todays times, Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller, AP by John Updike and a Very Old Man with Enormous Wings by Gabriel Garcia Marquez. TheShow MoreRelatedEthical Leadership in 21st Century Global Organizations1711 Words   |  7 PagesEthical Leadership in 21st Century Global Organisations Introduction: Business leadership is inherently challenging, calling for an individual or collective of leaders with a strong sense of organization, a critical understanding of the internal peculiarities of a given operation and a firm recognition of the ever-shifting external conditions contextualizing the business. 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This story is a familiar one, retold over and over as a symbol of the civil rights. There are dozens of books about Rosa Parks that have been published, many of them for children. Literature written for and about African American children can now be found on many bookstore shelves and in public and school libraries throughout the United States, and the characters in these books are often historical figures like Rosa Parks. Others reachRead MoreLiterature As A Child Of The Colonial Times1265 Words   |  6 PagesChloe Lenton Mrs. Hughes English III 2 March 2015 Literature as a Child to the Colonial Times The Colonial events can be symbolized as a mother that gave birth to the literature in the time period. While the literature in times before the colonial period could have influenced the events in the following period, events in the colonial time period effected the literature of the time because many literature works came after Colonial and Puritan events and also reflected those times. 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The Black Catâ€Plot, Symbols, Themes, and Key Quotes

The  Black Cat, one  of  Edgar Allan Poes  most memorable stories, is a classic example of the gothic  literature genre that debuted in the Saturday Evening Post on August 19, 1843. Written in the form of a first-person narrative, Poe employed multiple themes of insanity, superstition, and alcoholism to impart a palpable sense of horror and foreboding to this tale, while at the same time, deftly advancing his plot and building his characters. Its no surprise that The Black Cat is often linked with The  Tell-Tale Heart, since both of Poes stories share several disturbing plot devices including murder and damning messages from the grave—real or imagined. Plot  Summary The nameless protagonist/narrator begins his story by letting the readers know that he was once a nice, average man. He had a pleasant home, was married to a pleasant wife, and had an abiding love for animals. All that was to change, however, when he fell under the influence of demon alcohol. The first symptom of his descent into addiction and eventual madness manifests with his escalating maltreatment of the family pets. The only creature to escape the mans initial wrath is a beloved black cat named Pluto, but one night after a serious bout of heavy drinking, Pluto angers him for some minor infraction, and in a drunken fury, the man seizes the cat, which promptly bites him. The narrator retaliates by cutting out one of the Plutos eyes. While the cats wound eventually heals, the relationship between the man and his pet has been destroyed. Eventually, the narrator, filled with self-loathing, comes to detest the cat as a symbol of his own weakness, and in a moment of further insanity, hangs the poor creature by the neck from a tree beside the house where its left to perish.  Shortly thereafter, the house burns down. While the narrator, his wife, and a servant escape, the only thing left standing is a single blackened interior wall—on which, to his horror, the man sees the image of a cat hanging by a noose around its neck. Thinking to assuage his guilt, the protagonist begins searching out a second black cat to replace Pluto. One night, in a tavern, he eventually finds just such a cat, which accompanies him to the house he now shares with his wife, albeit under greatly reduced circumstances. Soon enough, the madness—abetted by gin—returns. The narrator begins not only to detest the new cat—which is always underfoot—but to fear it. What remains of his reason keeps him from harming the animal, until the day the mans wife asks him to accompany her on an errand to the cellar. The cat runs ahead, nearly tripping his master on the stairs. The man becomes enraged. He picks up an ax, meaning to murder the animal, but when his wife grabs the handle to stop him, he pivots, killing her with a blow to the head. Rather than break down with remorse, the man hastily hides his wifes body by walling it up with bricks behind a false facade in the cellar. The cat thats been tormenting him seems to have disappeared. Relieved, he begins to think hes gotten away with his crime and all will finally be well–until the police eventually show up to search the house. They find nothing but as theyre headed up the cellar stairs preparing to leave, the narrator stops them, and with false bravado, he boasts how well the house is built, tapping on the wall thats hiding the body of his dead wife. From within comes a sound of unmistakable anguish. Upon hearing the cries, the authorities demolish the false wall, only to find the wifes corpse, and on top of it, the missing cat. I had walled the monster up within the tomb! he wails—not realizing that in fact, he and not the cat, is the actual villain of the story. Symbols Symbols are a key component of Poes dark tale, particularly the following ones. The black cat:  More than just the title character, the black cat is also an important symbol. Like the bad omen of legend, the narrator believes Pluto and his successor have led him down the path toward insanity and immorality.  Alcohol: While the narrator begins to view the black cat as an outward manifestation of everything the narrator views as evil and unholy, blaming the animal for all his woes, it is his addiction to drinking, more than anything else, that seems to be the true reason for the narrators mental decline.House and home: Home sweet home is supposed to be a place of safety and security, however, in this story, it becomes a dark and tragic place of madness and murder. The narrator kills his favorite pet, tries to kill its replacement, and goes on to kill his own wife. Even the relationships that should have been the central focus of his healthy and happy home fall victim to his deteriorating mental  state.  Prison: When the story opens, the narrator is physica lly in prison, however, his mind was already imprisoned by the shackles of madness, paranoia, and alcohol-induced delusions long before he was apprehended for his crimes.  The wife: The wife could have been a grounding force in the narrators life.  He describes her as having that humanity of feeling. Rather than saving him, or at least escaping with her own life, she becomes a horrible example of innocence betrayed. Loyal, faithful, and kind, she never leaves her husband no matter how low he sinks into the depths of depravity. Instead, it is he who is in a sense unfaithful to his marriage vows. His mistress, however, is not another woman, but rather his obsession with drinking and the inner demons his drinking unleashes as symbolically personified by the black cat. He forsakes the woman he loves—and eventually kills her because he cant break the hold of his destructive obsession. Major Themes Love and hate are two key themes in the story.  The narrator at first loves his pets and his wife, but as madness takes hold of him, he comes to loathe or dismiss everything that should be of the utmost importance to him. Other major themes include: Justice and truth:  The narrator tries to hide the truth by walling up his wifes body but the voice of the black cat helps bring him to justice.Superstition:  The black cat is an omen of bad luck, a theme that runs throughout literature.  Murder and death:  Death is the central focus of the entire story. The question is what causes the narrator to become a killer.Illusion versus reality:  Does the alcohol release the narrators inner demons, or is it merely an excuse for his horrendous acts of violence? Is the black cat merely a cat, or something embued with a greater power to bring about justice or exact revenge?Loyalty perverted: A pet is often seen as a loyal and faithful partner in life but the escalating hallucinations the narrator experiences propel him into murderous rages, first with Pluto and then with the cat the replaces him. The pets he once held in highest affection become the thing he most loathes. As the mans sanity unravels, his wife, whom he also purports to love, becomes someone who merely inhabits his home rather than shares his life. She ceases to be a real person, and when she does, she is expendable. When she dies, rather than feel the horror of killing someone he cares for, the mans first response is to hide the evidence of his crime. Key Quotes Poes use of language enhance the storys chilling impact. His stark prose is  the reason this and other of his tales have endured. Key quotes from Poes work echo its themes. On reality vs. illusion: For the  most wild, yet most homely narrative which I am about to pen, I neither expect nor solicit belief.   On loyalty: There is something in the unselfish and self-sacrificing love of a brute, which goes directly to the heart of him who has had frequent occasion to test the paltry friendship and gossamer fidelity of mere Man.   On superstition: In speaking of his intelligence, my wife, who at heart was not a little tinctured with superstition, made frequent allusion to the ancient popular notion, which regarded all black cats as witches in disguise.   On alcoholism: ...my disease grew upon me—for what disease is like Alcohol!—and at  length  even Pluto, who was now becoming old, and consequently somewhat peevish—even Pluto began to experience the effects of my ill temper.   On transformation and descent into insanity: I knew myself no longer. My original soul seemed, at once, to take its flight from my body; and a more than fiendish malevolence, gin-nurtured, thrilled every fiber of my frame.   On murder: This spirit of perverseness, I say, came to my final overthrow. It was this unfathomable longing of the soul to vex itself—to offer violence to its own nature—to do wrong for the wrongs sake only—that urged me to continue and finally to consummate the injury I had inflicted upon the unoffending brute.   On evil: Beneath the pressure of torments such as these, the feeble remnant of the good within me succumbed. Evil thoughts became my sole intimates—the darkest and most evil of thoughts.   Questions for Study and Discussion Once students have read The Black Cat, teachers can use the following questions to spark discussion or as the basis for an exam or written assignment: Why do you think Poe chose The Black Cat as the title for this story?What are the major conflicts? What types of conflict (physical, moral, intellectual, or emotional) do you see in this story?What does Poe do to reveal character in the story?What are some themes in the story?How does Poe employ symbolism?Is the narrator consistent in his actions? Is he a fully developed character?Do you find the narrator likable? Would you want to meet him?Do you find the narrator reliable? Do you trust what he says to be true?How would you describe the narrators relationship with animals? How does it differ from his relationships with people?Does the story end the way you expected it to?What is the central  purpose of the story? Why is this purpose important or meaningful?Why is the story usually considered a work of horror literature?Would you consider this appropriate reading for Halloween?How essential is setting to the story? Could the story have taken place anywhere else?What are some of the controversial elements of the story? Were they necessary?What is the role of women in the text?Would you recommend this story to a friend?If Poe had not ended the story as he did, what do you think might have happened next?How have views on alcoholism, superstition, and insanity changed since this story was written?How might a modern writer approach a similar story?

Public Health Problem The Outbreak Of Hantavirus...

Public Health Problem The hantavirus is a virus that is transmitted to humans by rodents. An infection with this virus can develop into Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, a disease that affects the lungs and kidneys, which can ultimately be fatal. Humans can contract the virus by coming in contact with mice nests, droppings, or by inhaling contaminated air. Rodents can also spread the disease by biting someone (which is rare), or if a person eats something that is contaminated. The first known outbreak of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) was in May 1993, when it hit Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado and Utah. After a young couple died from unidentified pulmonary disease similar cases began to surface in the same area.Tissues from infected patients were sent over to the CDC where they found a link among all the patients, it was some kind of unknown hantavirus. Since there was other known cases of the hantavirus in Europe and Asia that were caused by rodents researchers concluded that this outbreak was caused by rodents also. That same year deer mice, who are reservoirs to the virus, were captured and taken away from their peridomestic homes owned by patients. The reason behind the 1993 outbreak was most likely the result of increased vegetation in the Four corners area, thus the rodent population increased and as more rodents entered human homes more humans were inhaling contaminated air. Luckily in the recent years there has not been many cases of HPS but we may areShow MoreRelatedThe Public Health Triad Essay1017 Words   |  5 Pages The role of public health in our society cannot be underestimated. The main goal of public health is to prevent and control diseases with the aim of promoting health. Humans contribute to this health promotion. However, human actions are also responsible to some detrimental health effects. Human behavior through habitat modification has led to the emergen ce of infectious diseases â€Å"Modification ofRead MoreClimate Change : A Look On Public Health1261 Words   |  6 PagesDixon English Composition 3 November 2015 Climate Change: A Look on Public Health What will happen to the future of humanity if climate change is allowed to have its way with the human race? What disasters will climate change force upon civilization? Will the human race slowly be extinguished? What will happen to individual people as the Earth’s climate gets more and more violent? Climate change will affect the general public’s health; the only question is â€Å"How much?† Climate change’s effects are veryRead MoreEssay about Bioterrorism - Viral Hemorrhagic Fever2177 Words   |  9 Pagesgenerally fairly similar regarding the high fevers and hemorrhages they cause. Because of past outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fever, scientists have reason to believe that terrorists have easier access to the deadly viruses and therefore are more likely to use the virus to kill and scare the general public. When the economy suffers, not only are people?s financial lives affected but also their health. Viral hemorrhagic fever, abbreviated as VHF, is a deadly disease that can occur in animals, primarilyRead MoreApa Style Lite for College Papers15275 Words   |  62 Pagesit! While the last edition devoted a chapter to â€Å"Material Other Than Journal Articles† as an aid for students (chapter 6), the current edition has eradicated all such guidance. Take this advice from the APA: â€Å"Not writing for publication? Not our problem!† Final manuscripts. The APA calls papers written for publication copy manuscripts. They are formatted to aid the publication process, not the reader. When not writing for publication â€Å"the manuscript must be as readable as possible† (APA, 2001, p

Warfare of Elizabethan Times - 677 Words

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Alienation and Isolation in The Catcher in the Rye by J.D....

In Touch with Society In The Catcher in the Rye, J.D. Salinger discusses the ideas of alienation and isolation. He notes that if one is unable to keep up with society they lose touch. Salinger portrays alienation and isolation through literary devices such as symbolism. Some of the symbolic features use in the novel is Holden’s red hunting hat which shows Holden’s uncommon desire compared to society’s desires. Another significant symbolic feature is the catcher in the rye; this represents Holden’s idea of protecting children from maturing as adults and facing reality. Another literary device is tone, although Holden seems preoccupied, he constantly tries to seek companionship throughout the book. J.D. Salinger also portrays irony, it is ironic that Holden calls the people around him loners and phonies when he, himself is a loner and a phony that refuses to accept taking on responsibilities and growing up. The literary devices used in this novel, further support Salinger’ s recurring theme of alienation and isolation. One of the literary devices in this novel is symbolism. Holden’s red hunting hat is the symbolic feature that alienates him from society. Ackley tells Holden â€Å"Up home we wear a hat like that to shoot deer in, for Chrissake†¦ That’s a deer shooting hat† (Salinger 30), meaning Holden’s hat is only worn while hunting. Holden does not seem to care much for Ackley’s opinion and he wears it anyways. This shows Holden’s individuality and his uncommon desire comparedShow MoreRelatedHow Salinger’s Holden Caulfield Relates to Teenagers Throughout Time1412 Words   |  6 PagesSalinger’s Holden Caulfield Relates to Teenagers Throughout Time In 1951, J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye was #1 on the New York Time’s bestseller list. 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Enlightenment Of 18th Century (1513 words) Essay Example For Students

Enlightenment Of 18th Century (1513 words) Essay Enlightenment Of 18th CenturyTheenlightenment was a great time of change in both Europe and America. Some of thebiggest changes, however, happened in the minds of many and in the writings ofmany philosophers. These included some of the beliefs of David Hume, JeanJacques Rousseau, Immanuel Kant, and Francois Voltaire. Writers during this timefocused on optimism, which is the opinion to do everything for the best (Chaney119), and the best for these philosophers was to stretch the minds of theordinary. David Hume was Scottish and was born on April 26, 1711 and died in1776. He states that he was not born into a rich family and was born into theCalvinist Presbyterian Church. However, after being influenced by the works ofIsaac Newton and John Locke he began to draw back from the Church. He writes inEnquiry, The idea of God, as meaning an infinitely intelligent, wise andgood Being, arises from reflecting on the operations of our own mind, andaugmenting, without limit, those qualities of go odness and wisdom. (Pomerleau214) The questions he brought up against religion were that concrete experiencesmust lead us and that we must think about the quality of the stories that werehanded down to us. He wanted everyone to only believe the actions that oneexperienced, there has to be proof. He also believed that there were four basicproblems to the stories that we hear. First of all, the facts to the stories arenever the same to everyone. Second, we stretch the truth to make everythinginteresting. Third, people who do not understand these stories tend to makethings up. Finally, not all of the religions agree. Therefore, the storiesconflicted each other leaving a person to not know what to believe. He believesthat Our most holy religion is founded on Faith, not on reason; and it isa sure method of exposing it to put it to such a trial as it is, by no means,fitted to endure. (215) Hume also believed in the social contract. This isthat kings are in power because of luck and citize ns should have control overtheir own power. During Humes lifetime a representative government was notsomething that countries thrived on. He also thought that the duties of men wereto love children and to pity those that are less fortunate. He also thought thatone should respect others properties and keep our promises. Hume argued that weare born into our family with the knowledge passed on to us, from this pointHume says that government is only an interference in the lives of people. Heuses the example of American Tribes where no one needs a government to keeppeace within the group (Pomerleau 222). These are the two main points that Humetried to make. They are the basis of what got people to think about their livesand decide that what they have now might not be the best thing that their lifecan accomplish. From his points of view, we can move on to another influentialphilosopher, Jean Jacques Rousseau. Jean Jacques Rousseau was born in Geneva in1712. His first years in his life wer e very hard because his mother died shortlyafter birth and he was sent to live with his aunt. However, his life turnedaround and he married and began his life as a philosopher. Rousseau was involvedwith the social contract like Hume. His book, however, did not become popularuntil after the French Revolution because these were the conditions that therevolution was based on (Chambers 669). His ideal government would contain asmall state, prevention of overpowering businesses, and equality in rank andfortune (Castell 419). He distrusted the aristocrats because he believed theywere drawing away from traditions that were once held very high (TheEnlightenment, http). To him kings are just concerned with themselves andwhen one dies, another one is needed. None of these people ever take in toconsideration the less fortunate. Everyone has to move to the beliefs of oneman. Rousseau felt that the government should be in the hands of many, not justone. Ideally, everyone in a society needs to be in agreement with one another. .u420bac549f40b98eb7359a5efcccd57a , .u420bac549f40b98eb7359a5efcccd57a .postImageUrl , .u420bac549f40b98eb7359a5efcccd57a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u420bac549f40b98eb7359a5efcccd57a , .u420bac549f40b98eb7359a5efcccd57a:hover , .u420bac549f40b98eb7359a5efcccd57a:visited , .u420bac549f40b98eb7359a5efcccd57a:active { border:0!important; } .u420bac549f40b98eb7359a5efcccd57a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u420bac549f40b98eb7359a5efcccd57a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u420bac549f40b98eb7359a5efcccd57a:active , .u420bac549f40b98eb7359a5efcccd57a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u420bac549f40b98eb7359a5efcccd57a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u420bac549f40b98eb7359a5efcccd57a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u420bac549f40b98eb7359a5efcccd57a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u420bac549f40b98eb7359a5efcccd57a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u420bac549f40b98eb7359a5efcccd57a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u420bac549f40b98eb7359a5efcccd57a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u420bac549f40b98eb7359a5efcccd57a .u420bac549f40b98eb7359a5efcccd57a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u420bac549f40b98eb7359a5efcccd57a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Performing Arts Paper Essay Another belief that Rousseau represented was deism, which is that god createdthe universe and then allowed it to run according to natural law and notinterfering with it anymore. Again, these questions began to be disputed and thepeople began to realize that their lives could mean more than just what thehigher officials might say. They began to think about what life and the world isreally about. This brings us to the next philosopher, Immanuel Kant. ImmanuelKant was born on April 22, 1724. Kant studied both Hume and Rousseau andrethought his aspects of science and shifted a little towards philosophy. Inaddition to his thinking, he also spent a lot of time lecturing at Konigsberg,Martin Knutzen. His two main scientific questions dealt with how far can thescientific method be applied to everything and how to explain scientificknowledge. He realizes that both of these cause the mind to start with somegiven information and an answer is then given for humans to understand (Stumpf302). Kant was firm in his belief on a priori knowledge, which is the knowledgethat is prior to experiences, but he also states that not everything can bebased on experiences since we cannot experience everything. From these beliefs,he also believed in two realities, phenomenal and noumena. Phenomena, derivedfrom a Greek word meaning that which appears, (Castell 599) is theworld as we experience it and noumena is intelligible or nonsensual reality. Inthe world we only experience phenomena because noumena is present but it isexternal from us and only appears as it is organized by us (Stumpf 312). From asocial standpoint, Kant believed that as long as a man could support himself andowned property he should be qualified as a citizen. He states that if everyoneis required to pay for public welfare then everyone should have his or herfreedom guaranteed. If this if present then there is no need for a rebellion,which will lead to a stronger government. Kant feels that this is hard to obtainbecause p eople need a political balance but at the same time they need to beable to keep their freedom. A type of freedom that he feels should be held byall is the freedom that everyone is punished the same and the death penaltyshould only be carried out only when an individual is proven guilty (Stumpf316). Kant believed in God because he felt that if one would deny all existencethat did not support any logic, then nothing at all would exist to anyone. Healso states that it is morally necessary to assume the existence ofGod. (Stumpf 319) From this he also realizes that one does not necessarilyneed to believe in God, but one needs to respect the beliefs for dutyssake. When thinking about God, according to Kant, it is an experience thatwe can not experience. Kant takes us to the last of the four major philosopherson the enlightenment period, Francois Voltaire. He based a lot of his thoughtson the three previous philosophers but did not speak to them directly. Hiswritings are fewer but more rad ical that the others. Francois Voltaire livedfrom 1694-1778. To most he was known as the most vigorous antireligious debater. He was the philosopher that was favoring deism the most. He wished that everyonewould stop Christianity and follow his beliefs. One reason that he felt this wasbecause from his experiences, bad things came from religion (Chambers 660). .uf903925aec0dfe168290974cc2e6a9a2 , .uf903925aec0dfe168290974cc2e6a9a2 .postImageUrl , .uf903925aec0dfe168290974cc2e6a9a2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf903925aec0dfe168290974cc2e6a9a2 , .uf903925aec0dfe168290974cc2e6a9a2:hover , .uf903925aec0dfe168290974cc2e6a9a2:visited , .uf903925aec0dfe168290974cc2e6a9a2:active { border:0!important; } .uf903925aec0dfe168290974cc2e6a9a2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf903925aec0dfe168290974cc2e6a9a2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf903925aec0dfe168290974cc2e6a9a2:active , .uf903925aec0dfe168290974cc2e6a9a2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf903925aec0dfe168290974cc2e6a9a2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf903925aec0dfe168290974cc2e6a9a2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf903925aec0dfe168290974cc2e6a9a2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf903925aec0dfe168290974cc2e6a9a2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf903925aec0dfe168290974cc2e6a9a2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf903925aec0dfe168290974cc2e6a9a2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf903925aec0dfe168290974cc2e6a9a2 .uf903925aec0dfe168290974cc2e6a9a2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf903925aec0dfe168290974cc2e6a9a2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Managerial Decision Making Exam EssayVoltaire, unlike Rousseau, favored the aristocracy and was often invited totheir parties to talk about some of his ideas. From this Voltaire, unlike manyof the philosophers of his day, was often left to think about things on his own(The Enlightenment, http) and another reason for this is because fortwenty eight years he was held in succession from Paris for some of his extremewritings. One of the most disturbing things in Voltaires life was from theearthquake in Lisbon on Nobember1, 1755. This was one thing that Voltaire couldnot understand and thought about forever. He did not want to turn to God aseveryone else did, nor did he want to be on the side of the atheist. He wasstuck in the middle and only left with the thought of the innocent people thatwere killed (Gay 52). For most of the philosophers during the time of theEnlightenment, things were bad. Most of them had to publish their books insecrecy and still had to deal with them getting burned as officials found out. This would be a very big disappointment, but they later prove that some of theirbeliefs are right when people begin to rebel because of the dramatic messagesthat they sent to people. Whether philosophy, religion, or politics were thebasis of ones reading they were generally flipped around. It is said thateducated people have the power to do anything, and during the Enlightenment thissource of power is obvious and is carried out. Whether the readers believed thephilosophers or not, it got the reader thinking and he talked to his friends andthe revolts began. The Enlightenment was a time of change but it was also a timethat dealt with the unreality that some thought could be but neverwere because some were so extreme or contradicted each other from philosopher tophilosopher.